It then explores the levels at which prejudice might be manifest, finally arriving at a specific focus of prejudice-racism however, what applies to racism may also apply to other intolerances such as sexism, heterosexism, classism, or ageism. It is based on group identification (i.e., perceiving and treating a person or people in terms of outgroup membership) but that outgroup can range from the more commonly known outgroups based on race, sex/gender, nationality, or sexual orientation to more specific intolerances of others based on political party, fan status, or membership in some perceived group such as “blonde” or “athlete.” This article begins with the link of culture to prejudice, noting specific culture-based prejudices of ethnocentrism and xenophobia.
Prejudice is a broad social phenomenon and area of research, complicated by the fact that intolerance exists in internal cognitions but is manifest in symbol usage (verbal, nonverbal, mediated), law and policy, and social and organizational practice.
Intolerance gone underground: Subtle forms of prejudice.Discrimination: Considering the Form(s) of Intolerance.The locus of racism: Individual or structural?.Who Can Be Racist? The Locus of Racism (and Other Intolerances).“Culture”-Based Prejudices: Ethnocentrism, Xenophobia.